Background Benign prostatic enlargement (BPE) Musculofibrous and glandular proliferation, leading to inner ('transitional') zone enlargement. Common cause of bladder outlet obstruction. Aka benign prostatic hypertrophy. Prostate cancer (PCa) Adenocarcinoma leading to peripheral enlargement. 1 in 8 lifetime risk. Can metastasize via lymphatics to seminal vesicles, bladder, and rectum, and via bloodstream to bone. Signs and symptoms Symptoms of prostate enlargement: Irritative (storage) bladder symptoms: frequency, urgency and incontinence, nocturia, dysuria. Obstructive (voiding) bladder symptoms: ↓stream (size and force), hesitancy and interruption, terminal dribbling, retention, overflow incontinence, bladder pain. Can lead to UTI, kidney impairment, or stones. These two symptom groups are collectively known as lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Symptoms suggesting PCa as opposed to BPE: Haematuria, hematospermia. Perineal and suprapubic pain. Tenesmus Loin pain from ureteri...