Add caption Background Inflammation of the brain. Causes Viral (50% of cases): Commonest (in order): herpes simplex (HSV1 > HSV2), VZV, EBV. Others: CMV, HIV seroconversion, measles, mumps, arboviruses (West-Nile, Japanese, tick-borne, St Louis), rabies. Autoimmune (20% of cases): Often affects the medial temporal lobes, when it is known as 'limbic encephalitis'. Often paraneoplastic. Antibodies (and associations): anti-Hu (small cell lung cancer), anti-Ma2 (germ cell tumour of testes), anti-NMDAR (50% have ovarian tumour), anti-LGI1 (formerly 'anti voltage-gated potassium channel'; only 20% have cancer). Other causes: Idiopathic (30% of cases). Any bacterial meningitis can become a meningoencephalitis. Spirochetes:  Listeria , Lyme, syphilis. TB Protozoa: malaria,  Toxoplasma . Fungal:  Aspergillus ,  Cryptococcus . Epidemiology Annual incidence: 1/20,000. Commonest under 1 years old or over 65. Signs and symptoms Initially non-specific: fever, headache, nausea, v

Background Definition and classification Inflammation of the glomeruli. This page discusses primary glomerulonephritides, but glomerular disease can also be secondary to diabetes and multi-system autoimmune or infiltrative diseases. Can be classified by whether they typically present with nephrotic syndrome – minimal change disease, membranous GN, membranoproliferative GN, FSGS – or haematuria/nephritic syndrome – IgA nephropathy, post-streptococcal GN, rapidly progressive GN. However, presentation is often non-specific and asymptomatic. Presentation Can be an incidental finding in an asymptomatic individual e.g. with hypertension, proteinuria or haematuria on dipstick, abnormal renal function test, anaemia. Symptomatic presentations include oedema (nephrotic syndrome), frank haematuria, or generally unwell (uraemia, anaemia). Management See  chronic kidney disease (CKD)  and/or  acute kidney injury (AKI)  for general management of renal impairment. BP control (SBP <130) and ACEi/AR

Investigations A complete developmental history and examination is important: not just social/emotional, but also speech, hearing, or cognitive problems, which can also cause behavioural problems. Learn the ABC of the problems: A ntecedents B ehaviour C onsequence Separation anxiety Anxiety about separation from main caregiver. Part of normal development from 6-8 months. By 2 years it usually reduces as they can extend attachment to others, and by school age they can normally tolerate hours away from parents. Its persistence or re-emergence beyond this time may be pathological, and known as separation anxiety disorder. Temper tantrums Common when kids reach an age where they have to comply with demands. School refusal Definition Inability to attend school due to overwhelming anxiety, which can be either parental separation anxiety, school phobia, or both. The anxiety is disproportionate i.e. not explained by rational fear of bullying or learning problems. Signs and symptoms Anxiety Hyp